1. Ammonia water composition:

　　Supramolecular: NH3 xH2O (4 water molecules directly associated with hydrogen bond at saturated vapor pressure around NH3 molecule, x = 4). Among the four hydrogen bonds, the hydrogen bond N H - O of ammonia molecule which acts as "proton receptor" and causes partial proton transfer is stronger, while the hydrogen bond O H - N of ammonia molecule which acts as "proton donor" but hardly transfers proton is weaker. In order to highlight the weakly alkaline hydrogen bond N H - O, which leads to some proton transfer, ammonia hydrate (mainly NH3 4H_2O) is simplified as NH3 H_2O.

　　Molecule: Water molecule (non-hydrated "ammonia molecule" never exists! Even the "ammonia molecules" escaping from ammonia water may have very few supramolecules such as NH3 H2O.

　　Three kinds of ions: ammonium ion, hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion. Among them, H_2 (more) NH_4+ (less) OH-(less) H+ (less) NH_3 xH_2 (more)

　　II. Use of ammonia water:

　　1. Laboratory uses:

　　Ammonia water is an important reagent in laboratory. It is mainly used as analytical reagent, neutralizer, alkaloid leaching agent, synthesis of aluminium salt and weak alkaline solvent. It is used for the synthesis of aluminium salts and the determination of some elements (such as copper and nickel) to precipitate hydroxides of various elements.

　　2. Military uses:

　　As an alkaline disinfectant, it is used to disinfect sarin poisons. The commonly used concentration is 10% dilute ammonia water (density 0.960), while the winter concentration is 20%.

　　3. Industrial uses:

　　Wool spinning, silk, printing and dyeing industries are used for washing wool, wool, grey cloth, dissolving and adjusting acidity and alkalinity, and as dyeing aids. Organic industry is used as aminating agent, catalyst for producing thermosetting phenolic resin, and inorganic industry is used for preparing various iron salts.

　　4. In industry, it is used for VLSI decompression or plasma CVD to grow pH regulators for feed water of SiO_2 membrane boiler. Ammonia is used to neutralize carbonic acid in feed water, increase pH value and slow down the corrosion of carbon dioxide in feed water. It is also a protective agent for boiler shutdown, and has a good protective effect for boilers with a small amount of water stored in the boilers that can not be discharged.

　　5. Medical use of dilute ammonia water on respiratory and circulatory reflex stimulation, treatment of fainting and syncope, and skin irritants and disinfectants.

　　6. As detergent, neutralizer and alkaloid leaching agent. It is also used in pharmaceutical industry, yarn cover industry, sunscreen and so on.

　　7. Agricultural uses:

　　Agricultural dilution can be used as fertilizer

　　Notices for ammonia water:

　　1. Risk overview

　　Invasion pathway: inhalation, ingestion

　　Health hazards: irritation to nose, throat and lungs after inhalation, cough, shortness of breath and asthma; suffocation death due to laryngeal edema; pulmonary edema and death. Ammonia splashed into the eye can cause serious damage, even blindness, skin contact can cause burns. Chronic effects: repeated low-concentration exposure can cause bronchitis. Repeated skin contact can lead to dermatitis, characterized by dry, itchy and reddish skin. If there is a wound in the skin of the body, it is necessary to avoid contact with the wound in order to prevent infection.

　　2. Emergency measures

　　Skin contact: Rinse immediately with water for at least 15 minutes. If there are burns, seek medical treatment. For a small amount of skin contact, avoid expanding the area of material dissemination. Pay attention to the patient's warmth and keep quiet.

　　Eye contact: Lift the eyelids immediately and rinse them with flowing water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Or rinse with 3% boric acid solution. Seek medical treatment immediately.

　　Inhalation: Quickly leave the scene to the fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract open. Oxygen is given when breathing is difficult. When the breathing stops, the artificial breathing should be carried out immediately. Seek medical treatment. If the patient ingests or inhales the substance, do not use mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, use one-way valve small respirator or other appropriate medical respirator. Remove and isolate contaminated clothes and shoes.

　　Intake: The wrong person immediately gargle, oral dilution of vinegar or lemon juice, medical treatment. Inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with the substance can cause delayed reactions. To ensure that medical staff understand the individual protection knowledge related to the substance and pay attention to self-protection.

　　3. Fire control measures

　　Dangerous characteristics: easy to decompose and release ammonia. The higher the temperature, the faster the decomposition speed, and the explosive atmosphere can be formed. In case of high heat, the internal pressure of the container increases, and there is a risk of cracking and explosion. It reacts violently with strong oxidants and acids. Contact with halogens, mercury oxide and silver oxide can form vibration-sensitive compounds. Exposure to trimethylamine, amino compounds, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, o-chloronitrobenzene, platinum, trifluoride, cesium dioxide, boron halide, mercury, iodine, bromine, hypochlorite, chlorine bleaching, organic anhydride, isocyanate, vinyl acetate, allyl oxide, epichlorohydrin, aldehydes can trigger combustion and explosion. Corrosion of certain coatings, plastics and rubber. Corrosion of copper, aluminium, iron, tin, zinc and their alloys.

　　Fire extinguishing methods: mist water, carbon dioxide, sand.

　　4. Emergency treatment of leakage

　　Emergency treatment: evacuate personnel from leaking contaminated areas to safe areas, and prohibit unrelated personnel from entering contaminated areas. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained breathing apparatus and chemical protective clothing. Do not contact leaks directly and plug them in case of safety. Wash with a large amount of water, and diluted water is put into the wastewater system. It can also be absorbed by sand, vermiculite or other inert materials, and then added in a small amount of water, adjusted to neutral, and then put into the wastewater system. If a large number of leaks occur, the embankment will be used to accommodate them.